Hi NoClueGSB
Earnings are calculated on each contribution from the date it was made until the date the FHSS determination is made by the ATO. It therefore makes sense to request a new determination before you request an FHSS release, to maximise the interest amount. The earnings amount is part of the maximum releasable amount and will be included in the release request sent from the ATO to your super fund. The payment you'll receive from the ATO will include your contributions and the earnings amount.
The earnings rate is the Shortfall interest charge (SIC) rate. This is currently 6.90%, increasing to 7.15% on 1 October. This page shows the historical SIC rates.
Note that the earnings are notional. The actual earnings in your super account will have been lower or (hopefully) higher than the earnings calculated by the ATO. But the notional earnings amount calculated by the ATO is the amount of earnings that will be released by your super fund to the ATO.
In relation to the super tax deductions, these are at label D12 in the income tax return. This is for personal contributions made to a super fund for which you then claim a tax deduction in your income tax return. This isn't relevant for salary sacrifice contributions or for personal contributions for which you didn't claim a tax deduction.
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